1. Research background

Cognitive linguistics regards constructions as symbolic units of language symbols. Goldberg proposed that constructions are the matching entities of form, meaning, or function, and their definition covers various levels from morphemes to discourse. Although the study of construction is in-depth, there are differences in understanding the hierarchy and categories of construction. Goldberg further distinguishes between instance constructs and schema constructs, but the classification is not systematic and does not cover all levels. As a matching entity between form and meaning, discourse has not been fully explored in the study of structural grammar. Cognitive grammarians have specialized research on grammatical structures, but their understanding mostly stays at the level of grammatical structures. The definition and concept of construction have been widely recognized, but the understanding of classification and relationships still needs to be deepened. This article aims to macroscopically divide linguistic and grammatical constructions, explore their rational relationships, optimize the classification of constructions, and enhance the understanding of the rational nature of constructions.

2. Structure and its rationale

The definition of language construction is the match between the form, meaning, or function of language units, covering language usage units from words to sentences to texts, as well as grammatical units formed by abstract summarization. Research divides constructions into linguistic constructions and grammatical constructions, where linguistic constructions include actual language units such as vocabulary, phrases, sentences, and discourse, while grammatical constructions are the categorization of these units, including constructions formed by class generalization and type abstraction. The evidential nature of language constructions refers to the cognitive connections between them, and their generation, development, and use are all based on evidential principles. The interaction between humans and the world is the foundation of language generation and development, and the use of language is based on the human body. The emergence of construction has biological and sociological foundations, and its development changes with human cognitive abilities and social development. Its use is based on the recognition of language systems, socio-cultural contexts, and situational contexts. The study constructed a construct and its evidential relationship diagram, demonstrating how the interaction between humans and the world affects the generation of linguistic constructs, as well as how grammatical constructs are categorized from linguistic constructs. The linguistic structure reflects the conceptual structure formed by the interaction between humans and the material, social, and psychological worlds, while the grammatical structure includes parts of speech, sentence types, language types, etc., focusing on semantic functional classification and formal structural abstraction.

3. The Motivation of Language Structures

In depth exploration of the logical basis of language construction, that is, how language units are combined according to cognitive principles to express complex concepts in practical use. The foundation of language construction is vocabulary, which forms concepts of specific substances and events through sensory experience, and then develops language constructions such as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Sentence construction is based on people's interactive experiences with the world, expressing single or multiple related actions or state events. The discourse structure goes further by describing the complete process of an event in detail through a fixed organizational form, such as event narration in news reports.

4. Reasons for the formation of grammatical structures

In depth exploration of the reasons for the formation of grammatical structures, including both categorization and typing. Categorization involves categorizing speech constructs that have the same or similar semantics and functions, while typing focuses on the abstraction of the expression form of speech constructs. In terms of categorization, part of speech classification is based on the semantics and functions of vocabulary, sentence classification is based on the singularity or multiplicity of events expressed in sentences, and discourse classification is based on the functions of discourse. Specifically, vocabulary is divided into actual words and function words. Actual words such as nouns and verbs directly express concepts, while function words such as conjunctions and prepositions express indirect concepts. Phrase constructions are classified based on the semantic attributes of the central word, such as noun phrases, adjective phrases, etc. Sentences are classified into simple sentences and complex sentences based on the singularity or multiplicity of events, with the latter further divided into parallel sentences and main and subordinate clauses. Sentences can also be divided into active and passive sentences based on the prominence of the causative and receptive components. Categories are divided according to the functions of discourse types, such as narrative texts, argumentative essays, etc. Each category has its specific lexical and grammatical features and functions.

5. Conclusion

Language constructions are divided into linguistic constructions and grammatical constructions, with the former reflecting concrete experience and the latter being abstract generalization. The language structure covers words, sentences, articles, etc., emphasizing the integration of form and semantics. Grammar constructions include categorization and typing, with the former focusing on semantic or functional classification and the latter on formal abstraction.